PIX4611872: Spiral Galaxy NGC 4725 in Berenice's Hair - Spiral galaxy NGC 4725 in Coma Berenice / Bridgeman Images

FLO4611875: Rectum with seistule, syringotome (syringe) for incising the anal fistula, several bandages - Plate from “” L'Encyclopedie”” by Denis Diderot (1713-1784) and Jean Le Rond D'Alembert (1717-1783), 1779 - Rectum with sistule 1, syringotome scalpel 2, solar bandage 3, eye bandages 4,5, face mask 6, upperlip bandage 7, head divider 8, hernia bandages 9,10 and T bandages 11-14. Copperplate engraving by Robert Benard from Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia, Pellet, Geneva, 1779. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4611880: Spiral Galaxy NGC 4725 in Berenice's Hair - Spiral galaxy NGC 4725 in Coma Berenice / Bridgeman Images

FLO4611930: Trocade a tracheotomy, brush for the stomach, tumour in the chest after Lorenz Heister, scar after the elimination of the tumour, and ancient harmful and painful method of tracheotomy - Plate drawn from “” The Encyclopedie”” by Denis Diderot (1713-1784) and Jean Le Rond D'Alembert (1717-1783), 1779 - chotomy trocar 1, stomach brush 2, breast tumor after Lorenz Heister 3, scar after tumor removal 4, large breast tumor 5 and old mastectomy method more painful and harmful than useful 6. Copperplate engraving by Robert Benard from Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia, Pellet, Geneva, 1779. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4611934: Spiral Galaxy M94 in Hunting Dogs - Spiral galaxy M94 in Canes Venatici - The spiral galaxy M94 (NGC 4736) is located about 15 million years ago - light from Earth. The M94 spiral galaxy was classified as Sab because of the extreme luminosite of its central region. This galaxy has several ring zones of star formation, one of which is very active. Image obtained with a 50 cm telescope, composite of several poses. M94 is a spiral galaxy located 15 million light - year away. Several active regions of star formation have been identified there / Bridgeman Images

FLO4611958: Dodo of the Scotch House, Veere, 1561, and dodo from the Florence Codex, circa 1703. Heliotype by Van Leer from Dr. Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans' Dodo Studies, Amsterdam, Johannes Muller, 1917. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4611990: 17th century copies of the white dodo by Salomon Savery, male: Gerrit van Goedesberg, 1662 (13), Joost Hartgers, 1650 (14), Abraham and Jan de Wees, 1651 (15) and Gijsbert Sijbes, 1651 (16). Heliotype by Van Leer from Dr. Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans' Dodo Studies, Amsterdam, Johannes Muller, 1917. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4611992: Elliptical galaxy NGC 4881 and distant galaxies - Elliptical galaxy NGC 4881 and distant galaxies - The elliptical galaxy NGC 4881 (upper left) is about 300 million years away - light from Earth. NGC 4881 is located in the Coma galaxy cluster that contains at least 1,000 galaxies and is five times farther from us than the Virgin's cluster. Almost all the objects visible in this photo are located far behind the Coma cluster, except for the spiral galaxy to the right of Ngc 4881. Image obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1994. This photo mosaic, which shows a field of distant galaxies, is a computer enhanced reproduction of a picture taken 4 March 1994 with the repaired Hubble Space Telescope. The brightest object in this picture is NGC 4881. It is a 13th - magnitude elliptical galaxy in the outskirts of the Coma Cluster, a great cluster of galaxies more than 5 times farther away than the Virgo Cluster. Except for a 16th - magnitude Coma spiral at the right and a few foreground stars of the Milky Way, almost everything else in this field lies far beyond the Coma Cluster. There is a fascinating assortment of background galaxies, including an apparent galaxian merger in progress / Bridgeman Images

PIX4612005: Spiral Galaxy NGC 4911 - Galaxy Spiral NGC 4911 - The NGC 4911 galaxy photographed here by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is located in the Coma galaxy cluster (Abell 1656) about 320 million light years ago. Image obtained from different cliches obtained from 2006 to 2009, 28 hours of installation in total. A long - exposure Hubble Space Telescope image shows a majestic face - on spiral galaxy located deep within the Coma Cluster of galaxies, which lies 320 million light - years away in the northern constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy, known as NGC 4911, contains rich lanes of dust and gas near its center. These are silhouetted against glowing newborn star clusters and iridescent pink clouds of hydrogen, the existence of which indicates ongoing star formation. Hubble has also captured the outer spiral arms of NGC 4911, along with thousands of other galaxies of varying sizes. This natural - color Hubble image, which combines data obtained in 2006, 2007, and 2009 from the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 and the Advanced Camera for Surveys, required 28 hours of exposure time / Bridgeman Images

FLO4612010: White dodo I by Pieter II Holsteyn, female, 1638. Heliotype by Van Leer from Dr. Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans' Dodo Studies, Amsterdam, Johannes Muller, 1917. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4612036: Spiral Galaxy NGC 4945 in Centaurus - Spiral galaxy NGC 4945 in Centaurus - The barree spiral galaxy NGC 4945 is located about 13 million years ago - light from Earth. This remarkable spiral galaxy seen almost edge - on is located at about 13 million years away in southern constellation of Centaurus. The galaxy is extremely dusty, and it is seen through dust in the Milky Way / Bridgeman Images

FLO4612042: White dodo by Johann Walther, female, 1657 (27) and white dodo by Jacob Hoefnagel, young male, 1609 (28). Heliotype by Van Leer from Dr. Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans' Dodo Studies, Amsterdam, Johannes Muller, 1917. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4612049: Images of a male Rodrigues solitaire, Pezophaps solitaria, from Francois Lequat's Voyages, 1708. Heliotype by Van Leer from Dr. Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans' Dodo Studies, Amsterdam, Johannes Muller, 1917. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4612057: Head and tail of the dodo by Roelandt Savery, Johan Neiuhof, Jacob de Bondt, Ludwig Schmoor von Carolsfeld, G. Krause, etc. Heliotype by Van Leer from Dr. Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans' Dodo Studies, Amsterdam, Johannes Muller, 1917. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4612063: Title page with Willem Ysbrantsz Bontekoe's illustration of the dodo. Title page from Hugh Edwin Strickland and Alexander Gordon Melville's The Dodo and its Kindred, London, Reeve, Benham and Reeve, 1848. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4612079: Spiral Galaxy NGC 4921 - Unusual Spiral NGC 4921 in the Coma Galaxy Cluster - Galaxy NGC 4921 photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Located in the cluster of Coma galaxies (Abell 1656) is about 320 million light years old, this spiral galaxy presents an unusual structure with poorly marked arms; some young blue stars are visible but the activity of star formation here is much less strong than in other spiral galaxies. In the background, many more distant galaxies appear. This very deep image taken with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope shows the spiral galaxy NGC 4921 along with a spectacular backdrop of more distant galaxies. It was created from a total of 80 separate pictures through yellow and near - infrared filters. The Coma Galaxy Cluster, in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices, the hair of Queen Berenice, is one of the closest very rich collections of galaxies in the nearby Universe. The cluster, also known as Abell 1656, is about 320 million light - years from Earth and contains more than 1000 members. The brightest galaxies, including NGC 4921 shown here, were discovered back in the late 18th century by William Herschel. The galaxies in rich clusters undergo many interactions and mergers that tend to gradually turn gas - rich spirals into elliptical systems without much active star formation. As a result there are far more ellipticals and fewer spirals in the Coma Cluster than are found in quieter corners of the Universe. NGC 4921 is one of the rare spirals in Coma, and a rather unusual one - - it is an example of an “” anaemic spiral”” where the normal vigorous star formation that creates a spiral galaxy's familiar bright arms is much less intense. As a result there is just a delicate swirl of dust in a ring around the galaxy, accompanied by some bright young blue stars that are clearly separated out by Hubble's sharp vision. Much of the pale spiral structure in the outer / Bridgeman Images

PIX4612096: Spiral galaxy M63 (NGC 5055) in Hunting Dogs - Spiral galaxy M63 - The spiral galaxy M63 (NGC 5055) is about 35 million years away - light from Earth. Image obtained with a 50 cm telescope, composite of several poses. M63 (NGC 5055) is a spiral glaxy in the contellation Canes Venatici at about 35 million light - years from Earth / Bridgeman Images

FLO4612102: Illustration of a Rodrigues solitaire, 1848 (lithograph) / Bridgeman Images

PIX4612151: Spiral Galaxy M63 in Hunting Dogs - Spiral galaxy M63 in Canes Venatici - The spiral galaxy M63 (NGC 5055) is located about 35 million years ago - light from Earth. Image obtained with a 61 cm telescope, composite of several poses. M63 (NGC 5055) is a spiral glaxy in the contellation Canes Venatici at about 35 million light - years from Earth. Image taken with a 24 - inch telescope / Bridgeman Images

PIX4612157: Centaurus A Elliptical Galaxy (NGC 5128) in the Centaur - Galaxy Centaurus A - The NGC 5128 galaxy is about 13 million years away - light from Earth. This image obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1998 shows the star flames that occur in the dark band of the galaxy. In blue, these are the clusters of newly shaped young stars. At the top left, a photo of the galaxy obtained from the ground. This giant galaxy is a powerful radio source known as Centaurus A. It is an active galaxy whose energy comes from a supermassive black hole. NGC 5128 is the nearest large elliptical galaxies to our sun. It is also the nearest of the giant radio galaxies, possessing an active galactic nucleus (AGN) and optically one of the most luminous galaxies in the sky. Among many other things NGC 5128 is also the prototypical postmerger elliptical galaxy. Structural peculiarities including the prominent rotating disk of stars and gas and the complex shell structure of its halo point to a large scale merger within the last billion years. Tidal streams of young stars have also been identified in the halo of NGC 5128 thought to have occurred by cannibalization of a nearby gas rich dwarf galaxy some 300 million years ago, long after the large scale merger. Elliptical galaxies are typically devoid of gas, dust and young stars. The unexpected presence of gas rich disk elements within the structure of NGC 5128 supports the current belief that accretions and mergers of low mass galaxies may be an important agent in the evolution of galaxy formation. As a radio galaxy, NGC 5128 belongs to the subgroup of galaxies called Active Galaxies, which include Quasars, Seyfert galaxies, Blazars and Radio Galaxies. Active galaxies are distinguished by their prodigious energy output which cannot be explained by their stellar populations and must have another source. Active galaxies have in common an “Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN)”” which is beli / Bridgeman Images

FLO4612158: Back view of skull, upper and lower view of lower jaw, inner view of jaw, and circle of sclerotic bones in the dodo. Lithograph from Hugh Edwin Strickland and Alexander Gordon Melville's The Dodo and its Kindred, London, Reeve, Benham and Reeve, 1848. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4612187: Galaxy NGC 5101 in Hydra - Galaxy NGC 5101 in Hydr / Bridgeman Images

PIX4612201: Centaurus A elliptical galaxy (NGC 5128) in the Centaurus - Galaxy Centaurus A (NGC 5128) - The galaxy NGC 5128 is located about 13 million years away from Earth. This Giant Galaxy is a powerful radio source known as Centaurus A. It is an active galaxy whose energy comes from a supermassive black hole. Image obtained from the 3.9m telescope of Siding Spring, Australia. Centaurus A is a most unusual galaxy. The circular, uniformly bright portion is composed of several thousand million stars, most of them old and yellowish. The galaxy is girded by a dense dust lane which obscures and reddens the light of stars behind it. Some younger, blue stars can be seen at the edges of the dust cloud. One of the nearer galaxies, 13 million light years away, Centaurus A is the most powerful nearby radio source and is also a copious source of X - and gamma rays as well as visible and infrared radiation / Bridgeman Images

PIX4612202: Galaxy Centaurus A (NGC 5128) x-ray view - radio - visible - Galaxy Centaurus A in different wavelengths - false-coloured view of the 30,000-year long jet - light escaping from the nucleus of the Centaurus A galaxy where a massive black hole is suspected. On this composite image obtained in X, radio, and visible, two large X-emission arcs surround this jet over a diameter of 25,000 years - light. These hot arcs could be the result of a gigantic explosion that occurred 10 million years ago in the nucleus of the galaxy. The galaxy NGC 5128 is located about 13 million light years away from Earth. A composite X - ray (blue), radio (pink and green), and optical (orange and yellow) image of the galaxy Centaurus A presents a stunning view of a galaxy in turmoil. A broad band of dust and cold gas is bisected at an angle by opposing jets of high - energy particles blasting away from the supermassive black hole in the nucleus. Two large arcs of X - ray emitting hot gas were discovered in the outskirts of the galaxy on a plane perpendicular to the jets. The arcs of multimillion degree gas appear to be part of a projected ring 25,000 light years in diameter. The size and location of the ring indicate that it may have been produced in a titanic explosion that occurred about ten million years ago / Bridgeman Images

FLO4612222: Metatarsus bones of the dodo, Raphus cucullatus 1-10, crowned pigeon, Goura coronata 12-17, tooth-billed pigeon, Didunculus strigirostris 18,19 and other birds. Illustration drawn and lithographed by Joseph Dinkel from Hugh Edwin Strickland and Alexander Gordon Melville's The Dodo and its Kindred, London, Reeve, Benham and Reeve, 1848. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4612254: Sea eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla. Handcoloured copperplate drawn and engraved by Edward Donovan from his own “Natural History of British Birds,” London, 1794-1819. Edward Donovan (1768-1837) was an Anglo-Irish amateur zoologist, writer, artist and engraver. He wrote and illustrated a series of volumes on birds, fish, shells and insects, opened his own museum of natural history in London, but later he fell on hard times and died penniless., Donovan, Edward (1768-1837) / Bridgeman Images

FLO4612272: Stock dove or pigeon, Columba oenas. Handcoloured copperplate drawn and engraved by Edward Donovan from his own “Natural History of British Birds,” London, 1794-1819. Edward Donovan (1768-1837) was an Anglo-Irish amateur zoologist, writer, artist and engraver. He wrote and illustrated a series of volumes on birds, fish, shells and insects, opened his own museum of natural history in London, but later he fell on hard times and died penniless., Donovan, Edward (1768-1837) / Bridgeman Images

FLO4612297: Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis. Vulnerable. Handcoloured copperplate drawn and engraved by Edward Donovan from his own “Natural History of British Birds,” London, 1794-1819. Edward Donovan (1768-1837) was an Anglo-Irish amateur zoologist, writer, artist and engraver. He wrote and illustrated a series of volumes on birds, fish, shells and insects, opened his own museum of natural history in London, but later he fell on hard times and died penniless., Donovan, Edward (1768-1837) / Bridgeman Images

FLO4612310: Red shank, Tringa totanus. Handcoloured copperplate drawn and engraved by Edward Donovan from his own “Natural History of British Birds,” London, 1794-1819. Edward Donovan (1768-1837) was an Anglo-Irish amateur zoologist, writer, artist and engraver. He wrote and illustrated a series of volumes on birds, fish, shells and insects, opened his own museum of natural history in London, but later he fell on hard times and died penniless., Donovan, Edward (1768-1837) / Bridgeman Images

FLO4612322: Lesser redpoll, Carduelis cabaret. Handcoloured copperplate drawn and engraved by Edward Donovan from his own “Natural History of British Birds,” London, 1794-1819. Edward Donovan (1768-1837) was an Anglo-Irish amateur zoologist, writer, artist and engraver. He wrote and illustrated a series of volumes on birds, fish, shells and insects, opened his own museum of natural history in London, but later he fell on hard times and died penniless., Donovan, Edward (1768-1837) / Bridgeman Images

PIX4610193: Spiral galaxy NGC 2841 in the Great Bear - Spiral galaxy NGC 2841 in Ursa Major - NGC 2841 is a spiral galaxy located 46 million years ago - light. The spiral galaxy NGC 2841 lies 46 million light - years away in the constellation of Ursa Major (The Great Bear) / Bridgeman Images

FLO4610197: Insect: double-stained coleoptere variete and bird nest neottie plant Lithograph by John Curtis (1791-1862) published in “British Entomology”, collection of 770 illustrations and descriptions of insects from Great Britain, London, England, 1824-1839. Tritoma bipustulatum, Tritoma bipustulata, Double-spotted Tritoma beetle, with bird's nest orchis, Epipactis nidus reviews. Handcoloured copperplate by John Curtis (1791-1862) for his own “” British Entomology, 770 Illustrations and Descriptions of the Genera of Insects found in Great Britain and Ireland,” London, from 1824 to 1839. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4610226: Insect: Heriade guepe variete with a campanule plant. Lithograph by John Curtis (1791-1862) published in “British Entomology”, a collection of 770 illustrations and descriptions of British insects, London, England, 1824 to 1839. Heriades truncorum, Larger Heriades wasp, with corn bell-flower, Campanula hybrida. Handcoloured copperplate by John Curtis (1791-1862) for his own “” British Entomology, 770 Illustrations and Descriptions of the Genera of Insects found in Great Britain and Ireland,” London, from 1824 to 1839. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4610237: Insect: variete of coleoptere staphylinus with a fragrant fuzzy plant or fragrant quackgrass Lithograph by John Curtis (1791-1862) published in “” British Entomology”, collection of 770 illustrations and descriptions of insects from Great Britain, London, England, 1824-1839. Homalota dimidiata, Hygronoma dimidiata, Ochre-banded Staphylinus beetle, with spring grass, Anthoxanthum odoratum. Handcoloured copperplate by John Curtis (1791-1862) for his own “” British Entomology, 770 Illustrations and Descriptions of the Genera of Insects found in Great Britain and Ireland,” London, from 1824 to 1839. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4610280: Fibrous roots of common senecon and large plantain (or plantain of birds). Coloured copper engraving, illustration by Sydenham Edwards (1768-1819) for Conferences of Botanical, Botanical Garden of Lambeth (England), 1805, by William Curtis (1746-1799). Plant roots: fibrous root of groundsel Senecio vulgaris and plantain Plantago major. Handcoloured copperplate engraving of a botanical illustration by Sydenham Edwards for William Curtis's “” Lectures on Botany, as delivered in the Botanic Garden at Lambeth,”” 1805. Edwards (1768-1819) was the artist of thousands of botanical plates for Curtis' “” Botanical Magazine”” and his own “” Botanical Register.””, Edwards, Sydenham Teast (c.1768-1819) / Bridgeman Images

FLO4610288: Vegetable roots: carrot and turnip. Coloured copper engraving, illustration by Sydenham Edwards (1768-1819) for Conferences of Botanical, Botanical Garden of Lambeth (England), 1805, by William Curtis (1746-1799). Root vegetables, carrot Daucus carota and turnip Brassica rapa. Handcoloured copperplate engraving of a botanical illustration by Sydenham Edwards for William Curtis's “” Lectures on Botany, as delivered in the Botanic Garden at Lambeth,”” 1805. Edwards (1768-1819) was the artist of thousands of botanical plates for Curtis' “” Botanical Magazine”” and his own “” Botanical Register.””, Edwards, Sydenham Teast (c.1768-1819) / Bridgeman Images