FLO4575150: Ancient Roman Circus or games arena 1, four-horse chariot or quadriga 2, chariot yoke with ram's head 3, and bronze medal to honour the victor 4. Handcoloured copperplate engraving from Friedrich Johann Bertuch's Bilderbuch fur Kinder (Picture Book for Children), Weimar, 1802. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4575158: Europe and Jupiter - Illustration - Jupiter and Europa - Illustration - The ice surface of the Europe and Jupiter satellite. Artist's view. Icy surface of the moon Europa with planet Jupiter in background / Bridgeman Images

PIX4575161: Jupiter seen from its satellite Europe - Illustration - Jupiter from Europa's surface - Illustration - Jupiter seen from the icy surface of the satellite Europe. Europa is Jupiter's fourth largest satellite and is slightly smaller than the Earth's Moon. Europa is believed to be composed of silicate rocks with a layer of water ice covering the entire surface. This image is inspired by recent discoveries on Europa of regions that look very much like pack - ice on Earth's polar seas during spring thaws. The perspective is from an altitude of several thousand feet. The large crater in the foreground is about a half - mile in diameter. It may be that beneath Europa's surface ice there is a layer of liquid water, perhaps as much as 30 miles deep. This subsurface “” ocean”” would be kept liquid by tidally generated heat / Bridgeman Images

FLO4575190: Telegraph machines: the telegraph on the Louvre in Paris 1, and the telegraph at Lille showing the mechanism for moving the arms and an observer with telescope dictating to a secretary 2. Handcoloured copperplate engraving by J. Goetz from Friedrich Johann Bertuch's Bilderbuch fur Kinder (Picture Book for Children), Weimar, 1802. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4575279: Volcanic eruption on Io - Illustration - Volcanic eruption on Io. Artwor, Dixon, Don (b.1951) / Bridgeman Images

PIX4575280: Jupiter from his satellite Io - Illustration - Jupiter from Io - Illustration - Io is the closest galileen satellite to Jupiter. Io is Jupiter's innermost large satellite and is about the same size and density as Earth's moon. At 260,000 miles from Jupiter, Io is about the same distance as the Moon is from the Earth / Bridgeman Images

FLO4575283: Damask rose (Damascus rose), Rosa damascena basilica, and single yellow rose, Rosa lutea simplex. Handcoloured copperplate engraving from an illustration drawn from nature by Stark from Friedrich Johann Bertuch's Bilderbuch fur Kinder (Picture Book for Children), Weimar, 1802. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4572893: Colonel-General in the English Chasseurs, Napoleonic era. Handcoloured lithograph by Leopold Massard from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852., Massard, Leopold (1812-1889) / Bridgeman Images

FLO4572902: French minister of state, Napoleonic era. Handcoloured lithograph by Leopold Massard from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852., Massard, Leopold (1812-1889) / Bridgeman Images

PIX4572906: Artist's view of a birth of stars - Birth of stars. Artwork - Stars in formation in the heart of a dark nebula / Bridgeman Images

PIX4572917: Scenario of the formation of a star - Scenario of the formation of a star. From left to right: 1. Interstellar gas and dust cloud, zooming on a blood cell. 2. Contraction and warming of the blood cell. 3. The blood cell flattened around the young star. 4. young star. Left is a cloud of gaz and interstellar dust. Inside is a dark globule which will contract to create a rotating disk flattening, at the center of this disk, the stars ingnites / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573006: Hertzsprung - Russell - The Hertzsprung - Russell diagram - HR diagram (Hertzsprung - Russell) displaying stars according to their surface temperature and luminosite. The Hertzsprung - Russell diagram is named after the Danish astronomer Einar Hertzsprung (1873 - 1967) and the American astronomer Henry Norris Russell (1877 - 1957). At the beginning of the 20th century they independently noticed that red stars come in very different sizes, pioneering subsequent studies of stellar parameters (e.g., temperature, size and mass). In its basic version, this diagram plots stellar temperature (or colour) against brightness (or magnitude) and is therefore also referred to as the “” colour - magnitude diagram””. The position of a particular star in the diagram also provides information about its evolutionary stage (and age) / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573023: French men's fashions, Napoleonic era, 1809. Illustration by Forester, lithograph by Madame Coclon from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573035: The evolution of the Sun - Illustration - The evolution of the Sun - Illustration - Artist's view of the evolution of a yellow star like the Solei / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573063: Henry, Count of Chambord, Duke of Bordeaux 1820-1883 and Louise Marie Therese of Artois, daughter of the Duke of Berry 1819-1870. Handcoloured lithograph by Madame Calon from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573142: Ferdinande Philippe, Duke of Orleans 1810-1842. In the uniform of the artillery of the National Guard. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573171: Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours, Louis-Charles-Philippe-Raphael d'Orleans, Duke of Nemours 1814-1896. In the military uniform of a Marechal-de-Camp. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573176: Exoplanete - Extrasolar Planet - Artist's View / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573192: Henry of Orleans, Duke of Aumale, Henri-Eugene-Philippe-Louis d'Orleans, Duke of Aumale 1822-1897. In the school uniform of the college of Henri IV. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573195: Exoplanete - Artist's View / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573201: Planetary system around the star HD 69830 - Planetary System Around HD 69830 - Artist's view of three planets orbiting around the star HD 69830. This planetary system is the first detects around a star similar to the Sun that contains several planets whose mass is less than that of Jupiter. It seems that this system also has an asteroid belt. Using the ultra - precise HARPS spectrograph on Eso's 3.6 - m telescope at La Silla (Chile), a team of European astronomers have discovered that a nearby star is host to three Neptune - mass planets. The innermost planet is most likely rocky, while the outermost is the first known Neptune - mass planet to reside in the habitable zone. This unique system is likely further enriched by an asteroid belt. This view portaits a point of view inside the asteroid belt, which is assumed here to lie between the two outermost planets / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573221: Asteroid belts around the star Epsilon Eridani - Asteroid belts around Epsilon Eridani - Artist's view of the planetary system around the star Epsilon Eridani. This star is located 10 years from Earth. Observations made by the Spitzer space telescope in 2008 show that this system has two asteroid belts. An exoplanet had already been discovered around this star in 2000. This artist's conception shows the closest known planetary system to our own, called Epsilon Eridani. Observations from Nasa's Spitzer Space Telescope show that the system hosts two asteroid belts, in addition to previously identified candidate planets and an outer comet ring. Epsilon Eridani is located about 10 light - years away in the constellation Eridani. It is visible in the night skies with the naked eye. The system's inner asteroid belt appears as the yellowish ring around the star, while the outer asteroid belt is in the foreground. The outermost comet ring is too far out to be seen in this view, but comets originating from it are shown in the upper right corner. Astronomers think that each of Epsilon Eridani's asteroid belts could have a planet orbiting just outside it, shepherding its rocky debris into a ring in the same way that Jupiter helps keep our asteroid belt confined. The planet near the inner belt was previously identified in 2000 via the radial velocity, or “” star wobble,”” technique, while the planet near the outer belt was inferred when Spitzer discovered the belt. The inner belt orbits at a distance of about 3 astronomical units from its star - - or about the same position as the asteroid belt in our own solar system (an astronomical unit is the distance between Earth and our sun). The second asteroid belt lies at about 20 astronomical units from the star, or a position comparable to Uranus in our solar system. The outer comet ring orbits from 35 to 90 astronomical units from the star; our solar system's analogous Kuipe / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573237: Gas exoplanete - Gas exoplanet - Artist's view of an extrasolar gas planet in the sky of one of its satellites. Recent discoveries of what appear to be giant planets orbiting very close to distant stars inspired this image. Due to the close proximity to its own sun, this gas planet would shine brilliantly in this moon's sky / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573240: Wild horse, domestic horse, Mongolian hemione (wild Asian donkey) and night-primrose - Wild horse, Equus ferus (endangered) 1, domesticated horse, Equus ferus caballus 2, dziggetai or Gobi khulan, Equus hemionus luteus 3, and onager, Equus hemionus (endangered) 4. Handcoloured copperplate engraving by W. Waitz from Bertuch's “Bilderbuch fur Kinder” (Picture Book for Children), Weimar, 1805. Friedrich Johann Bertuch (1747-1822) was a German publisher and man of arts most famous for his 12-volume encyclopedia for children illustrated with 1,200 engraved plates on natural history, science, costume, mythology, etc., published from 1790-1830. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573259: Exoplanete - An Earthlike Moon - Artist's view of a satellite of a gas planet where water is present in abundance. There are likely earthlike planets that themselves are satellites of larger worlds / Bridgeman Images

FLO4572085: King Louis XV, King of France and Navarre, in his coronation robes and wearing the crown of Charlemagne 1722. Handcoloured lithograph after a portrait in Roger de Gaignieres' portfolio from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4572117: Victor-Marie, Duke of Estrees, Marshal of France, 1660-1737. Handcoloured lithograph after a portrait by Bigaud from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4572123: Hypergeante Star HR 5171 - Illustration: This artist view shows the yellow hypergeant star HR 5171. It is a very rare star of which only a dozen people our galaxy. Its dimensions are more than 1300 times greater than those of the Sun, making it one of the ten largest stars discovered to date. Observations have shown that it is actually a double star, whose companion is in direct contact with the main star. This artist's impression shows the yellow hypergiant star HR 5171. This is a very rare type of star with only a dozen known in our galaxy. Its size is over 1300 times that of our Sun - one of the largest ten stars found so far. Observations with Eso's Very Large Telescope Interferometer have shown that it is actually a double star, with the companion in contact with the main star / Bridgeman Images

FLO4572137: Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Madame de Pompadour, Marquise de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV, 1721-1764. Handcoloured lithograph after an original portrait in Versailles from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Historical Costumes of France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4572178: Louis, 3rd Duke of Aumont, Marquis de Villequier, 1667-1723. In ceremonial robes for the coronation of King Louis XV. Handcoloured lithograph after a portrait in Roger de Gaignieres' portfolios from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4572184: English women's fashions of 1750. Handcoloured lithograph after a contemporary print from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4572210: Marguerite de Lussan, writer and historical novelist, 1682-1758. Handcoloured lithograph after an engraved portrait from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4572216: Louis II du Bouchet, Marquis de Sourches, Count of Montsoreau, 1711-1788. Handcoloured lithograph by C. Breton after a painting of the coronation of Louis XV from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4572242: Star field in the halo of the Andromede galaxy - Deep field image in the halo of Andromeda galaxy - Deep field in the halo of the Andromede galaxy obtained by the Hubble space telescope in 2003. 300,000 stars as well as thousands of background galaxies are visible. Astronomers using Nasa's Hubble Space Telescope (HST) have reliably measured the age of the spherical halo of stars surrounding the neighboring Andromeda galaxy (M31). To their surprise, they have discovered that approximately one - third of the stars in Andromeda's halo formed only 6 to 8 billion years ago. That's a far cry from the 11 - to - 13 billion - year age of the stars in the Milky Way's halo. Why the difference in halo ages? Apparently, M31 must have gone through a major “” corporate merger”” with another large galaxy, or a series of mergers with smaller galaxies, billions of years ago. Astronomers cannot yet tell whether this was one tumultuous event or a more continual acquisition of smaller galaxies. The newly discovered younger stars in Andromeda's halo are richer in heavier elements than the stars in our Milky Way's halo, or in most of the small dwarf galaxies that surround the Milky Way. Indeed the level of chemical enrichment seen in these younger stars is characteristic of relatively massive galaxies, containing at least a billion stars. This suggests three possibilities: (1) Collisions destroyed the young disk of M31 and dispersed many of its stars into the halo; (2) a single collision destroyed a relatively massive invading galaxy and dispersed its stars and some of Andromeda's disk stars into the halo; and/or (3) many stars formed during the collision itself. Astronomers say it will take more detailed observations to unravel the acquisition history of these early cataclysmic events. Located only 2.5 million light - years away, the magnificent Andromeda galaxy, visible as a naked - eye spindle of light in the autumn sky has long been considered a near twin to our / Bridgeman Images

PIX4572357: Star HD 209458 in Pegase - Star HD 209458 in Pegasus - This star, located in the center of the image, is about 150 years from Earth and is observable with a pair of binoculars. In orbit around this star, invisible in this image, we discovered a giant planet called Osiris (HD 209458b). This extrasolar planet of a new type is a hot Jupiter, a massive planet very close to its star. The star located in the center of this image is called HD 209458. It is similar to our Sun and lies 150 light - years from Earth. It is visible with binoculars as a seventh magnitude star in the constellation of Pegasus. In orbit around this star (but invisible on this picture) is an exoplanet named Osiris (HD 209458b). It is a hot jupiter, a giant planet orbiting very close to its star / Bridgeman Images

PIX4572367: Stars Field in the Peacock - Random star field in Pavo, near NGC 6477 - Towards the middle of the picture, the cluster of galaxies IC 4765. Image obtained by Schmidt UK 1.2m Telescope from Siding Spring The brightest star visible here is the magnitude 4.2 variable blue star lambda Pav, visible to the unaided eye in a dark sky, while the scattering of stars in the lower part of the picture are about a magnitude fainter and would be hard to see in all but the darkest conditions. Near middle of the image, the cluster of galaxies IC 4765 / Bridgeman Images