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PIX4572553: Brown dwarf star Gliese 229 b - Brown dwarf Gliese 229 b - Artist view of the brown dwarf star Gliese 229B. Discovered in 1995 in the constellation Lievre at 18 years - light from Earth, this brown dwarf is 30 to 40 times more massive than Jupiter and is estimated to be 2 to 4 billion years old. Top left is the red dwarf star Gliese 229A. This is how the brown dwarf Gliese 229b might appear from a distance of about a half million miles. Glowing like a charcoal ember, Gliese 229 b was discovered in 1995 and is 19 light years from the Earth. This brown dwarf orbits the red dwarf Gliese 229A in the constellation Lepus. Gliese A can be seen shining dimly on the upper left. These two dwarfs are about four billion miles apart, about the same distance between Pluto and our sun. Gliese 229 b is believed to be 30 to 40 times more massive than the planet Jupiter, which is massive enough for Gliese 229 b to sustain deuterium fusion, but not enough mass to initiate hydrogen fusion like our Sun. As a result, Gliese 229 b radiates a temperature of only 1,300o F. It is believed to be two to four billion years old. Despite being so much more massive than the planet Jupiter, the diameter of this brown dwarf is believed to be actually slightly less than Jupiter's; Gliese 229 b's greater mass results in its overcoming the internal pressures that sustain Jupiter's greater volume / Bridgeman Images
FLO4572570: Member of the Council of Elders, Conseil des Ancients, French Directory era. 1795-1799. He wears a tunic and cape, hat with tricolor plumes and his hair parted in the middle. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images
FLO4572583: English woman's fashion, Directory era, 1795. Woman with pet dog and stick. She wears a striped dress, black mantelet, and hat of ribbons in white, pink and green. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images
FLO4572598: People's representative, English Directory Era. Representative of the People, Executive Board. Bicorn with tricolor plumes and tricolor sash belt. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images
FLO4572657: Uniform of a state messenger under the Directory. Each councilor had four messengers who wore white tunic, blue coat and hat with tricolor plumes. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images
FLO4572718: Marie Louise, Empress of France, Duchess of Parma, second wife to Napoleon Bonaparte 1791-1847. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images
FLO4572733: Francois Charles Joseph Napoleon, King of Rome, son of Napoleon and Marie Louise 1811-1832. Wearing the sash of the Legion d'honneur and riding In a miniature carriage. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images
PIX4572735: Artist's view of a white dwarf - White dwarf - artwork - Artist's view of a white dwarf, a star at the end of life that did not explode in supernova. Around her, her gas ejects forms a planetary nebula. A white dwarf is a dying star which will not become a supernova, like our sun, but ejects gaz around it to make a planetary nebula / Bridgeman Images
PIX4572784: Artist's view of a pulsar and its companion star - A pulsar and its companion - A pulsar is a neutron star endowed with a magnetic field that rotates on it - even extremely quickly and emits beams of light and radio waves. A pulsar is a neutron star, highly magnetized, rotating very quickly which emits a beam of detectable radiation in the form of radio waves / Bridgeman Images
PIX4572795: Binary pulsar and gravitational waves - Artist's impression of the pulsar PSR J0348+0432 and its white dwarf companion - Artist's view of a gravitational wave generated by a system of a neutron star associated with a white dwarf, spreading on the fabric of space - time. This artist's impression shows the exotic double object that consists of a tiny, but very heavy neutron star that spins 25 times each second, orbited every two and a half hours by a white dwarf star. The neutron star is a pulsar named PSR J0348+0432 that is giving off radio waves that can be picked up on Earth by radio telescopes. Although this unusual pair is very interesting in its own right, it is also a unique laboratory for testing the limits of physical theories. This system is radiating gravitational radiation, ripples in spacetime. Although these waves (shown as the grid in this picture) cannot be yet detected directly by astronomers on Earth they can be sensed indirectly by measuring the change in the orbit of the system as it loses energy. As the pulsar is so small the relative sizes of the two objects are not drawn to scale / Bridgeman Images
FLO4572807: Joachim Murat, King of Naples, Marshal of France 1767-1815. Handcoloured lithograph by Leopold Massard from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852., Massard, Leopold (1812-1889) / Bridgeman Images
PIX4572829: Artist view of a magnetar - Magnetar - Artist view - Artist view of an eruption of X-rays and gamma from a magnetar, a neutron star endowed with a powerful magnetic field. Artist's concept of a burst of X - rays and gamma released by a magnetar, a neutron star with an extremely powerful magnetic field, Dixon, Don (b.1951) / Bridgeman Images
FLO4570901: Anne d'Alencon, Lady of La Guerche, Marquise de Montserrat 1492-1562. Handcoloured lithograph after a portrait in Roger de Gaignieres' portfolios from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images
FLO4570913: Charles II of Amboise, Lord of Chaumont, Governor of Milan 1473-1511. Handcoloured lithograph by Leopold Massard after a portrait in Roger de Gaignieres' portfolio VII 95 from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852., Massard, Leopold (1812-1889) / Bridgeman Images
PIX4570920: Comete 17P/Holmes 29/10/2007 - Comet 17P/Holmes October 29 2007 - On October 24, 2007, Comete 17P/Holmes suddenly increased luminosite and became visible to the naked eye. In this image obtained a few days later in France, the comete is visible near the constellation of Persee (in the center of the image). In late October 2007, Comet Holmes amazingly brightened 15 magnitude (about million times). On October 29, Holmes is easily visible in the sky in the center of image / Bridgeman Images
PIX4570924: Comete 17P/Holmes 29/10/2007 - Comet 17P/Holmes October 29 2007 - View of comet 17P/Holmes on October 29, 2007. On October 24, 2007, Comete 17P/Holmes suddenly increased luminosite and became visible to the naked eye. The false nucleus and inner coma of Comet 17P/Holmes is seen here in a composite exposures on 29 October 2007. Comet 17P/Holmes began a spectacular outburst in brightness on October 24th, brightening from 17th magnitude to 2.5th magnitude, an increase of more than 1 million times brighter to become a unaided - eye object in the constellation of Perseus / Bridgeman Images
FLO4570947: Judge or doctor of law, Judge or Doctor of Law, 16th century France. Handcoloured lithograph after a miniature of the court of King Louis XII in Roger de Gaignieres' portfolio VII 144 from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images
FLO4570963: King Francis I of France. Francois I, King of France, 1494-1547. On horseback in battle costume: black suit of armour, red tonlet, with mace and sword. Drawn and lithographed by Leopold Massard after a portrait in Roger de Gaignieres' portfolio VII 2 from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852., Massard, Leopold (1812-1889) / Bridgeman Images
FLO4571046: Jean d'Estrees, grand master of the French artillery, 1486-1571. Handcoloured lithograph after a portrait in Roger de Gaignieres' portfolio VIII from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images
FLO4571054: Catherine de Vendome, wife of Jean d'Estrees, grand master of the French artillery, d.1567. Handcoloured lithograph after a miniature in a prayer book in Roger de Gaignieres' portfolio VIII 25 from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images
PIX4571099: Comet Lulin (C2007/N3) - View of Comet Lulin (C2007/N3), February 21, 2009. Comet Lulin (C/2007 N3) on February 21, 2009 from 05:41 UT to 06:20 UT. The faint blue ion tail is seen to the upper right, and the anti - tail stretches to the lower left. Composite of 19 two - minute exposures that has been enhanced in Photoshop to bring out faint details in the tails / Bridgeman Images
FLO4571110: Anne de Graville, Lady Montagu, French poet and translator, daughter of Louis Malet, 16th century. Handcoloured lithograph by Leopold Massard after a miniature in the manuscript of the Histoire de Berose Caldee in Roger de Gaignieres' portfolio VIII 39 from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852., Massard, Leopold (1812-1889) / Bridgeman Images
FLO4571142: Bonaventure Desperiers, French writer, poet and painter, d. 1544. Handcoloured lithograph by Leopold Massard after a portrait in Roger de Gaignieres' portfolios from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852., Massard, Leopold (1812-1889) / Bridgeman Images
FLO4571172: King's Corps, Compagnie Francaise. Royal bodyguard, French company to King Francis I. Handcoloured lithograph by Leopold Massard after a miniature in Roger de Gaignieres' portfolio VIII 78 from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852., Massard, Leopold (1812-1889) / Bridgeman Images
PIX4571179: Comet C/2009 P1 Garrad - September 2011 - Comet C/2009 P1 Garrad seen near the Hanger cluster (or Brocchi cluster), an asterism located in the constellation Little Fox. September 4, 2011. Comet C/2009 P1 Garrad is seen in the vicinity of the Coathanger asterism, also known as Brocchi's cluster, Al Sufi's cluster or Collinder. September 4, 2011 / Bridgeman Images
FLO4571184: Alderman of Paris, Echevin de Paris, reign of King Francis I. The livery features the coat of arms of Paris on the sleeve. Handcoloured lithograph after a contemporary woodblock from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images
FLO4571207: Worker with large axe, artisan, merchant and woman of Paris. Costumes of the people of Paris, reign of King Francis I of France. Handcoloured lithograph after figures in Roger de Gaignieres' portfolios from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images