FLO4572893: Colonel-General in the English Chasseurs, Napoleonic era. Handcoloured lithograph by Leopold Massard from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852., Massard, Leopold (1812-1889) / Bridgeman Images

FLO4572902: French minister of state, Napoleonic era. Handcoloured lithograph by Leopold Massard from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852., Massard, Leopold (1812-1889) / Bridgeman Images

PIX4572906: Artist's view of a birth of stars - Birth of stars. Artwork - Stars in formation in the heart of a dark nebula / Bridgeman Images

PIX4572917: Scenario of the formation of a star - Scenario of the formation of a star. From left to right: 1. Interstellar gas and dust cloud, zooming on a blood cell. 2. Contraction and warming of the blood cell. 3. The blood cell flattened around the young star. 4. young star. Left is a cloud of gaz and interstellar dust. Inside is a dark globule which will contract to create a rotating disk flattening, at the center of this disk, the stars ingnites / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573006: Hertzsprung - Russell - The Hertzsprung - Russell diagram - HR diagram (Hertzsprung - Russell) displaying stars according to their surface temperature and luminosite. The Hertzsprung - Russell diagram is named after the Danish astronomer Einar Hertzsprung (1873 - 1967) and the American astronomer Henry Norris Russell (1877 - 1957). At the beginning of the 20th century they independently noticed that red stars come in very different sizes, pioneering subsequent studies of stellar parameters (e.g., temperature, size and mass). In its basic version, this diagram plots stellar temperature (or colour) against brightness (or magnitude) and is therefore also referred to as the “” colour - magnitude diagram””. The position of a particular star in the diagram also provides information about its evolutionary stage (and age) / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573023: French men's fashions, Napoleonic era, 1809. Illustration by Forester, lithograph by Madame Coclon from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573035: The evolution of the Sun - Illustration - The evolution of the Sun - Illustration - Artist's view of the evolution of a yellow star like the Solei / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573063: Henry, Count of Chambord, Duke of Bordeaux 1820-1883 and Louise Marie Therese of Artois, daughter of the Duke of Berry 1819-1870. Handcoloured lithograph by Madame Calon from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573142: Ferdinande Philippe, Duke of Orleans 1810-1842. In the uniform of the artillery of the National Guard. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573171: Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours, Louis-Charles-Philippe-Raphael d'Orleans, Duke of Nemours 1814-1896. In the military uniform of a Marechal-de-Camp. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573176: Exoplanete - Extrasolar Planet - Artist's View / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573192: Henry of Orleans, Duke of Aumale, Henri-Eugene-Philippe-Louis d'Orleans, Duke of Aumale 1822-1897. In the school uniform of the college of Henri IV. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573195: Exoplanete - Artist's View / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573201: Planetary system around the star HD 69830 - Planetary System Around HD 69830 - Artist's view of three planets orbiting around the star HD 69830. This planetary system is the first detects around a star similar to the Sun that contains several planets whose mass is less than that of Jupiter. It seems that this system also has an asteroid belt. Using the ultra - precise HARPS spectrograph on Eso's 3.6 - m telescope at La Silla (Chile), a team of European astronomers have discovered that a nearby star is host to three Neptune - mass planets. The innermost planet is most likely rocky, while the outermost is the first known Neptune - mass planet to reside in the habitable zone. This unique system is likely further enriched by an asteroid belt. This view portaits a point of view inside the asteroid belt, which is assumed here to lie between the two outermost planets / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573221: Asteroid belts around the star Epsilon Eridani - Asteroid belts around Epsilon Eridani - Artist's view of the planetary system around the star Epsilon Eridani. This star is located 10 years from Earth. Observations made by the Spitzer space telescope in 2008 show that this system has two asteroid belts. An exoplanet had already been discovered around this star in 2000. This artist's conception shows the closest known planetary system to our own, called Epsilon Eridani. Observations from Nasa's Spitzer Space Telescope show that the system hosts two asteroid belts, in addition to previously identified candidate planets and an outer comet ring. Epsilon Eridani is located about 10 light - years away in the constellation Eridani. It is visible in the night skies with the naked eye. The system's inner asteroid belt appears as the yellowish ring around the star, while the outer asteroid belt is in the foreground. The outermost comet ring is too far out to be seen in this view, but comets originating from it are shown in the upper right corner. Astronomers think that each of Epsilon Eridani's asteroid belts could have a planet orbiting just outside it, shepherding its rocky debris into a ring in the same way that Jupiter helps keep our asteroid belt confined. The planet near the inner belt was previously identified in 2000 via the radial velocity, or “” star wobble,”” technique, while the planet near the outer belt was inferred when Spitzer discovered the belt. The inner belt orbits at a distance of about 3 astronomical units from its star - - or about the same position as the asteroid belt in our own solar system (an astronomical unit is the distance between Earth and our sun). The second asteroid belt lies at about 20 astronomical units from the star, or a position comparable to Uranus in our solar system. The outer comet ring orbits from 35 to 90 astronomical units from the star; our solar system's analogous Kuipe / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573237: Gas exoplanete - Gas exoplanet - Artist's view of an extrasolar gas planet in the sky of one of its satellites. Recent discoveries of what appear to be giant planets orbiting very close to distant stars inspired this image. Due to the close proximity to its own sun, this gas planet would shine brilliantly in this moon's sky / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573240: Wild horse, domestic horse, Mongolian hemione (wild Asian donkey) and night-primrose - Wild horse, Equus ferus (endangered) 1, domesticated horse, Equus ferus caballus 2, dziggetai or Gobi khulan, Equus hemionus luteus 3, and onager, Equus hemionus (endangered) 4. Handcoloured copperplate engraving by W. Waitz from Bertuch's “Bilderbuch fur Kinder” (Picture Book for Children), Weimar, 1805. Friedrich Johann Bertuch (1747-1822) was a German publisher and man of arts most famous for his 12-volume encyclopedia for children illustrated with 1,200 engraved plates on natural history, science, costume, mythology, etc., published from 1790-1830. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573259: Exoplanete - An Earthlike Moon - Artist's view of a satellite of a gas planet where water is present in abundance. There are likely earthlike planets that themselves are satellites of larger worlds / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573264: Wild horse and night-primrose - Wild horse, Equus ferus (endangered) 1, and onager, Equus hemionus (endangered) 4. Handcoloured copperplate engraving by W. Waitz from Bertuch's “Bilderbuch fur Kinder” (Picture Book for Children), Weimar, 1805. Friedrich Johann Bertuch (1747-1822) was a German publisher and man of arts most famous for his 12-volume encyclopedia for children illustrated with 1,200 engraved plates on natural history, science, costume, mythology, etc., published from 1790-1830. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573283: Forest on an exoplanet - Alien Blue Rainforest - Artist's view of an extrasolar planet where plant life is very different from that we know on Earth. Artwork showing vegetal life on an exoplanet / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573338: Exoplanets around a red dwarf star - Exoplanets around a red dwarf star - Artist's view of extrasolar planets orbiting a red dwarf star. This artist's concept illustrates a young, red dwarf star surrounded by three planets. Such stars are dimmer and smaller than yellow stars like our sun, which makes them ideal targets for astronomers wishing to take images of planets outside our solar system, called exoplanets / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573359: Planete extrasolaire - Artist view - Extrasolar planet - Artist vie / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573403: Unicorn purse, razor fish, pegase fish (or sea dragon), seahorse and European loquette (or blennie vivipare) - Unicorn leatherjacket, Aluterus monoceros 1, grooved razor-fish, Centriscus seutatus 2, little dragonfish, Pegasus draconis 3, seahorse, Hippocampus hippocampus 4, and viparous Blenny, Zoarces viviparus 5. Handcoloured copperplate engraving from Friedrich Johann Bertuch's Bilderbuch fur Kinder (Picture Book for Children), Weimar, 1795. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573476: Exoplanete near the galactic center - Artist's view / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573541: Exoplanete near a quasar - Exoplanete near a quasar - Artist's view / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573562: Planet in a region of intense star formation - Artist's view / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573597: Inhabited exoplanete - Inhabited exoplanete - Artist's view / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573600: Roman antiquite: seat machines, shelter for digging a tunnel 1, semi-circular shelter 2, shelter with belier 3, shelter on rolling cylinder 4, seat tower 5, tower of five stages 6, belier on chain 7- Roman siege engines: shelter for sappers digging a tunnel, Vineae 1, semi-circular shelter Pluteus 2, shelter Testudo with battering ram Aries 3, shelter on rolling cylinders Musculus 4, siege tower or the Taker of Cities, Helepolis 5, five-storey tower Sambucae 6, and battering ram on chains Aries 7. Handcoloured copperplate engraving from Friedrich Johann Bertuch's Bilderbuch fur Kinder (Picture Book for Children), Weimar, 1795. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4573686: Artist's view of the exoplanet Gliese 581c. - Artist's view of the exoplanet Gliese 581c. Gliese 581c, with a radius of 1.5 times that of the Earth, is the first exoplanet gathering the necessary elements to imagine the existence of a possible extra-terrestrial life. With a mass of 5 times that of the Earth, an average temperature between 0 and 40* C, this exoplanet rotates around its star in just thirteen days and is located 14 times closer to its star than the Earth is to the Sun. But this star, Gliese 581, is a red dwarf, a star much smaller and less luminous than the Sun, so the position of this exoplanet is ideal for allowing the presence of water in liquid form on its surface, Dixon, Don (b.1951) / Bridgeman Images

FLO4573698: But (or Indian wheat) and common millet - Corn or maize, Zea mays 1, and millet, Panicum miliaceum 2. Handcoloured copperplate engraving from Friedrich Johann Bertuch's Bilderbuch fur Kinder (Picture Book for Children), Weimar, 1795. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4572495: Different types of brown dwarves - Artist's view - Different types of brown dwarves. Artwork - From left to right: brown dwarf type M, the youngest and most massive, temperature between 200 and 3000 degres Kelvin; brown dwarf type L, between 1500 and 2000 degres Kelvin; brown dwarf type T, between 1200 and 1500 degres Kelvin; brown dwarf type T but colder, from 1200 to 600 degres Kelvin; brown dwarf type still indefinite, less than 600 degres Kelvin; finally, on the right, Jupiter for size comparison. From left to right: a brown dwarf of type M (the youngest and most massive brown dwarves), a brown dwarf of type L, then a type T, another type T but colder, then another brown dwarf with a type unidentified yet which is colder, at last Jupiter for comparison / Bridgeman Images

FLO4572499: Antoine Quentin Fouquier de Tinville, French prosecutor during the Revolution and Reign of Terror. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4572507: Francois-Antoine Boissy d'Anglas, President of the Convention, writer, lawyer, politician 1756Ð1828. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

FLO4572520: President of a revolutionary committee, National Convention era, French Revolution. Handcoloured lithograph from Le Bibliophile Jacob aka Paul Lacroix's Costumes Historique de la France (Historical Costumes of France), Administration de Librairie, Paris, 1852. / Bridgeman Images

PIX4572541: Brown dwarf & debris ring from an oblique perspective - Artist's view of a brown dwarf star about 60 times the mass of Jupiter, surrounded by a disc of dust and rocks. In the foreground, a primitive exoplanet enlighted by the star. A small, barren planet orbits obliquely to the plane of a massive set of concentric dust rings surrounding a brown dwarf of about 60 Jupiter masses. These rings are evocative of Saturn's famous rings of rock and ice, however there is likely no ice in the rings around this dwarf. Recent observations have revealed that some brown dwarfs may be surrounded by rings of dust. While the origin of these rings, and the brown dwarfs themselves, is unclear, it's thought that material from these rings may even coalesce into planets, providing some brown dwarfs with their own solar systems / Bridgeman Images

PIX4572545: Brown dwarf star Teide 1 - Brown dwarf Teide 1 - Artist view of the brown dwarf star Teide 1. Discovered in 1995 in the Pleiades cluster, about 55 times the mass of Jupiter, this brown dwarf is represented here in the sky of a young exoplanet lit by the star. This is how Teide 1 might appear from the surface of a hypothetical, March - like planet. Discovered in 1995, Teide 1 is a type of mysterious object called a brown dwarf (failed star or super planet). Bigger than a planet, but smaller than a star, this brown dwarf is about 400 light years from the Earth in the Pleiades star cluster. It is thought that Teide 1 has the mass equivalent of about 55 Jupiters, which is considered large for a brown dwarf. Teide 1 is massive enough, and hence hot enough, to sustain lithium fusion in its core, but is unable to initiate hydrogen fusion like our sun. Teide 1 is probably only about 120 million years old (compared to our sun's age of 4.5 billion years) and shines at a temperature of 4,000o F, less than half as hot as the surface of our sun. In this image a young planet orbits Teide 1 from distance of about four million miles. The planet has acquired enough atmosphere to host clouds and put a lower limit on size of meteors that reach its surface (the smaller ones burn up before reaching the ground), but it is still very early in its evolution. Teide 1 looms large in this planet's sky, but in fact Teide 1's diameter is only about twice that of Jupiter's. All brown dwarfs are roughly the size of Jupiter - - the more massive brown dwarfs are simply more dense. As for this planet, it is very unlikely that life will ever evolve here due to its host's relatively short life span; in just another billion years Teide 1 will have cooled to a modest 1,700o F / Bridgeman Images