FLO4611913: Surgical knee pad and machine for treating disloqueous joints of Jean Louis Petite - Plate drawn from “” L'Encyclopedie”” by Denis Diderot (1713-1784) and Jean Le Rond D'Alembert (1717-1783), 1779 - 18th century surgical knee pad in place on a leg 1, Jean Louis Petite's machine for dislocated joints 2-5. Copperplate engraving by Robert Benard from Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia, Pellet, Geneva, 1779. / Bridgeman Images
PIX4612034: Spiral Galaxy NGC 4921 - Galaxy Spiral NGC 4921 - Galaxy NGC 4921 photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Located in the cluster of Coma galaxies (Abell 1656) is about 320 million light years old, this spiral galaxy presents an unusual structure with poorly marked arms; some young blue stars are visible but the activity of star formation here is much less strong than in other spiral galaxies. In the background, many more distant galaxies appear. This very deep image taken with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope shows the spiral galaxy NGC 4921 along with a spectacular backdrop of more distant galaxies. The Coma Galaxy Cluster, in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices, the hair of Queen Berenice, is one of the closest very rich collections of galaxies in the nearby Universe. The cluster, also known as Abell 1656, is about 320 million light - years from Earth and contains more than 1000 members. The brightest galaxies, including NGC 4921 shown here, were discovered back in the late 18th century by William Herschel. NGC 4921 is one of the rare spirals in Coma, and a rather unusual one - - it is an example of an “anaemic spiral”” where the normal vigorous star formation that creates a spiral galaxy's familiar bright arms is much less intense / Bridgeman Images
PIX4612296: Elliptical galaxy Centaurus A (NGC 5128) in the Centaurus - Galaxy Centaurus A (NGC 5128). Wide field - The NGC 5128 galaxy is about 13 million light years away from Earth. Image obtained from the 1.2m telescope of Siding Spring, Australia. Centaurus A is a most unusual galaxy, set in a rich part of the southern sky. not only are there plenty of stars here to catch the eye, but the region is rich in galaxies as well. One of the nearer galaxies, at 13 million light years away, Centaurus A is the most powerful nearby radio source and is also a copious source of X - and gamma rays as well as visible and infrared radiation / Bridgeman Images
PIX4612380: Spiral Galaxy M51 in Hunting Dogs and Supernova - The Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) in Canes Venatici with SN 2005cs - The spiral galaxy M51 (NGC 5194) is located about 37 million years ago - light from Earth. This galaxy is double; two galaxies interact: the largest, NGC 5194, the smallest NGC 5195. On June 28, 2005 a supernova of type II appeared in M51; this supernova (SN 2005cs) is visible just under the nucleus, in the first arm. Image obtained with two telescopes of 50 cm and 30 cm, composite of several poses. The Whirlpool Galaxy lies approximately 31 million light years from earth. This spectacular galaxy is paired with a smaller, more distant companion whose matter is being disrupted by the larger spiral in a gravitational tug of war. Eventually, the shape of both will be altered over many more millions of years. On June 28, 2005, a new star was noticed in this galaxy. It was confirmed to be a bright supernova, one of the brightest in recent years and similar to the brightest supernova of modern times: 1987A. This rare event, SN 2005cs, is visible on the first spiral arm, directly below the nucleus, as a bright star / Bridgeman Images
FLO4612392: Robin redbreast, Erithacus rubecula. Handcoloured copperplate drawn and engraved by Edward Donovan from his own “Natural History of British Birds,” London, 1794-1819. Edward Donovan (1768-1837) was an Anglo-Irish amateur zoologist, writer, artist and engraver. He wrote and illustrated a series of volumes on birds, fish, shells and insects, opened his own museum of natural history in London, but later he fell on hard times and died penniless., Donovan, Edward (1768-1837) / Bridgeman Images
PIX4612435: Spiral Galaxy M83 in Hydra - Spiral galaxy M83 in Hydra - The galaxy M83 (NGC 5236) is located about 15 million years away from Earth. This galaxy is intermediate between a classic spiral and a barree spiral. M83 (NGC 5236) is an intermediate spiral galaxy at approximately 15 million light - years away in the constellation Hydra / Bridgeman Images
PIX4612481: Spiral Galaxy M83 in Hydra - Spiral galaxy M83 in Hydra - The galaxy M83 (NGC 5236) is located about 15 million years away from Earth. This galaxy is intermediate between a classic spiral and a barree spiral. Image obtained from the 3.9m telescope of Siding Spring, Australia. M83 is thought to be very like our own Galaxy, the Milky Way, but seen from above one of its poles and at a distance of about 15 million light years. Composed of billions of stars and huge clouds of dust and gas, this object is one of the finest examples of a spiral galaxy and shows a concentration of older, yellow stars in its central nucleus with younger, blue stars and patchy red clouds of glowing gas and dark dust lanes in the trailing spiral arms. The massive blue stars occasionally explode as supernovae; at least eight have been seen in Messier 83 in the last 70 years / Bridgeman Images
PIX4612509: Spiral Galaxy M83 in Hydra - Spiral galaxy M83 in Hydra - The galaxy M83 (NGC 5236) is located about 15 million years away from Earth. This galaxy is intermediate between a classic spiral and a barree spiral. M83 (NGC 5236) is located in the southern constellation Hydra at 15 million light years from the sun. It is classified as intermediate between normal and barred spiral galaxies / Bridgeman Images
PIX4611777: Elliptical Galaxy M60 in Virgo - Elliptical galaxy M60 in Virgo - M60 (NGC 4649) is an E2 elliptical galaxy located in the Virgin's cluster. To its right is the spiral galaxy NGC 4647. Elliptical galaxy M60 (NGC 4649) located in the Virgo cluster of galaxies. At right is the spiral galaxy NGC 4647 / Bridgeman Images
FLO4611828: Foubert surgical operation to remove a vesical stone - Plate taken from “” L'Encyclopedie”” by Denis Diderot (1713-1784) and Jean Le Rond D'Alembert (1717-1783), 1779 - Foubert's surgical operation to remove a bladder stone. Lateral incision in the hypogastrium, showing the direction of the trocar in the bladder. Copperplate engraving by Robert Benard from Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia, Pellet, Geneva, 1779. / Bridgeman Images
FLO4611896: Bandages, corbin beak pliers, cane spout pliers, balls removal pliers and various sutures - Plate taken from “” L'Encyclopedie”” by Denis Diderot (1713-1784) and Jean Le Rond D'Alembert (1717-1783), 1779 - Examples of 18th century bandages 1, beak-de-corbin flip-flops 2, flops 4, bullet-de-de-de-de-de-de-de-de-de-de-de-cane flip-de-de-de-de-de ver flip flops 4, and various sutures 5-11. Copperplate engraving by Robert Benard from Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia, Pellet, Geneva, 1779. / Bridgeman Images
PIX4611936: Spiral Galaxy M94 in Hunting Dogs - Spiral galaxy M94 in Canes Venatici - The spiral galaxy M94 (NGC 4736) is located about 15 million years ago - light from Earth. The M94 spiral galaxy was classified as Sab because of the extreme luminosite of its central region. This galaxy has several ring zones of star formation, one of which is very active. Messier 94 (NGC 4736) is a spiral galaxy located in constellation Canes Venatici, and one of the nearer beyond our Local Group of Galaxies. M94 was classified Sab because of its extremely bright inner region. This bright circular disk is surrounded by a ring of active star - forming regions, traced by blue young star clusters / Bridgeman Images
PIX4612081: Spiral galaxy NGC 5033 in Hunting Dogs - Seyfert galaxy NGC 5033 in Canes Venatici - The spiral galaxy NGC 5033 is located about 43 million years ago - light from Earth. It is a galaxy of Seyfert whose core houses a supermassive black hole. This spiral galaxy is a Seyfert galaxy with a nucleus containing a supermassive black hole. NGC 5033 is located at about 40 million light year away / Bridgeman Images
PIX4612037: Barree spiral galaxy NGC 4945 in Centaurus - Barred spiral galaxy NGC 4945 in Centaurus - The barree spiral galaxy NGC 4945 is located about 13 million years away - light from Earth. This remarkable spiral galaxy seen almost edge - on is located at about 13 million years away in southern constellation of Centaurus. The galaxy is extremely dusty, and it is seen through dust in the Milky Way / Bridgeman Images
PIX4612087: Spiral galaxy M63 (NGC 5055) in Hunting Dogs - Spiral galaxy M63 - The spiral galaxy M63 (NGC 5055) is about 35 million years away - light from Earth. Image obtained with a 50 cm telescope, composite of several poses. M63 (NGC 5055) is a spiral glaxy in the contellation Canes Venatici at about 35 million light - years from Earth / Bridgeman Images
PIX4612093: Spiral galaxy M63 (NGC 5055) in Hunting Dogs - Spiral galaxy M63 - The spiral galaxy M63 (NGC 5055) is about 35 million years away - light from Earth. Image obtained with a 50 cm telescope, composite of several poses. M63 (NGC 5055) is a spiral glaxy in the contellation Canes Venatici at about 35 million light - years from Earth / Bridgeman Images
PIX4612130: Galaxies NGC 5078 and IC 879 in Hydra - Galaxies NGC 5078 and IC 879 in Hydra - NGC 5078 is a spiral galaxy located about 95 million years ago - light. A small galaxy, IC 879, at the bottom of the picture, is probably interacting with it. Image obtained with a 50 cm telescope, composite of several poses. NGC 5078 is a lenticular (lens - shaped) galaxy crossed by a distinct dusty band which is seen against the bright background of the galaxy itself. The dust lane is warped and broadened, probably by interaction with the faint companion galaxy IC 879, which is itself distorted into an 'S' shape by the interaction. The slightly bluish colour of parts of the fainter galaxy is suggestive of star formation, probably triggered by the interaction. Encounters between galaxies such as this are common, and often lead to them merging into a single entity. It is likely that the dust lane of NGC 5078 is the remnant of a dusty spiral which fell into it long ago. The galaxies are about 95 million light years distant / Bridgeman Images
PIX4612203: Galaxy Centaurus A (NGC 5128) in visible and infrared - Galaxy Centaurus A in visible and infrared - The galaxy NGC 5128 is about 13 million years away - light from Earth. This an elliptical galaxy that cannibalized a small spiral galaxy. The infrared image, on the right, reveals the complex structure of the central dust strip. Images obtained on the left by Cerro Tololo's 4m telescope and on the right by the Spitzer space telescope. Centaurus A (NGC 5128) is the nearest active galaxy to Earth. Located 13 million light - years away in the southern constellation Centaurus, 'Cen A' appears to be the result of a merger - collision between a large elliptical galaxy (which has a black hole at its center) and a smaller spiral galaxy that veered too close to the larger one, resulting in the cannabalization of the small galaxy. The visible image (left) from the National Science Foundation's Blanco 4 - meter telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter - American Observatory in Chile is dominated by a bright halo of light caused by the stars in the galaxy. Many of these stars are hidden by the dense band of dust that blocks our view of their light. Infrared light is not so readily obscured by dust as visible light, so the infrared image (right) from instruments on the NASA - JPL Spitzer Space Telescope reveals the complex structure of the dust lane, and the stars and gas embedded within it / Bridgeman Images
FLO4612357: Yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella. Handcoloured copperplate drawn and engraved by Edward Donovan from his own “Natural History of British Birds,” London, 1794-1819. Edward Donovan (1768-1837) was an Anglo-Irish amateur zoologist, writer, artist and engraver. He wrote and illustrated a series of volumes on birds, fish, shells and insects, opened his own museum of natural history in London, but later he fell on hard times and died penniless., Donovan, Edward (1768-1837) / Bridgeman Images
PIX4612294: Spiral Galaxy M51 in Hunting Dogs - Galaxy Spiral M51 - The spiral galaxy M51 (NGC 5194) is located about 37 million years away - light from Earth. Image made with an amateur instrument, a 130 mm bezel. M51 is a wonderful bright face - on spiral galaxy located about 37 million light years away from us. It was one of the first discoveries made by Charles Messier in 1773, and it was the first galaxy where spiral structure was observed, by Lord Rosse in 1845. A faint companion galaxy, NGC 5195, seen here to the right of M51, seems to be interacting with M51. NGC 5195 shines at 9.6 magnitude and is about 5 arc minutes in diameter / Bridgeman Images