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SYC4701374: Reflections on the origin of various masses of native iron, including that found by Pallas in Siberia by Ernst Chladni. 1794, Germany. National Museum of Natural History, Paris. In 1794, a German physicist, Ernst Chladni, proposed that the stones falling from the sky were of alien origin. It's a revolution. For many scholars, it's impossible. Despite this skepticism, meteorites become the subject of a vigorous controversy that stirred the whole of Europe for ten years. / Bridgeman Images
PIX4623200: Planetary nebula NGC 6302 in Scorpio - Planetary nebula NGC 6302 in Scorpius - NGC 6302 is a planetary nebula located about 4000 years from Earth. In the center of the nebula, an extremely hot dying star. Image obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope with the new WFC 3 (Wide Field Camera 3) camera, July 27, 2009. A dying star that was once about five times the mass of the Sun is at the center of this nebula. It has ejected its envelope of gases and is now unleashing a stream of ultraviolet radiation that is making the cast - off material glow. This object is an example of a planetary nebula, so - named because many of them have a round appearance resembling that of a planet when viewed through a small telescope. The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), a new camera aboard Nasa's Hubble Space Telescope, snapped this image of the planetary nebula, catalogued as NGC 6302, but more popularly called the Bug Nebula or the Butterfly Nebula. WFC3 was installed by NASA astronauts in May 2009, during the servicing mission to upgrade and repair the 19 - year - old Hubble telescope. NGC 6302 lies within our Milky Way galaxy, roughly 3,800 light - years away in the constellation Scorpius. The glowing gas is the star's outer layers, expelled over about 2,200 years. The “” butterfly”” stretches for more than two light - years, which is about half the distance from the Sun to the nearest star, Alpha Centauri. The central star itself cannot be seen, because it is hidden within a doughnut - shaped ring of dust, which appears as a dark band pinching the nebula in the center. The thick dust belt constricts the star's outflow, creating the classic “” bipolar”” or hourglass shape displayed by some planetary nebulae. The star's surface temperature is estimated to be about 400,000 degrees Fahrenheit, making it one of the hottest known stars in our galaxy. Spectroscopic observations made with ground - based telescopes show that the gas is roughly 36,000 d / Bridgeman Images
PIX4623214: Planetary nebula NGC 6537 in Sagittarius - Hubble observations have revealed huge waves sculpted in the Red Spider nebula. This warm and windy planetary nebula harbours one of the hottest stars in the Universe and its powerful stellar winds generate waves 100 billion kilometers high - intimidating for even the bravest space surfers. The Red Spider Nebula, NGC 6537, is a striking 'butterfly' or bipolar (two - lobed) planetary nebula. Planetary nebulae are the glowing embers of ordinary stars, such as our Sun. At the end of their lives these stars expel most of their material into space, often forming a two - lobed structure as in the case of the Red Spider. These waves are driven by stellar winds radiating from the hot central star, much as a wind passing over a lake can generate waves on the water. The waves reach peaks 100 billion kilometers high and must have been produced by a powerful wind blowing with a speed of 2000 - 4500 kilometers per second (about 7 - 16 million km/hr). The waves themselves move outwards at a slower rate of 300 km/s (about 1 million km/hr). To add to these challenging climatic conditions, this nebula is not only windy, but also hot. The temperature of the gas waves is a scorching 10,000 K Detailed investigations of the Hubble image have shown that the central white dwarf, the remaining compact core of the original star, must have a temperature of at least half a million degrees, making it one of the hottest stars known. It is so hot that it is invisible to Hubble's eye and emits primarily in X - rays. The waves are generated by supersonic shocks formed when the local gas is compressed and heated in front of the rapidly expanding lobes. Atoms caught in the shocks radiate the visible light seen in this image. The process appears to have been underway long enough to make the edges of the lobe walls look as if they have started to fracture into wave crests. The Red Spider Nebula is located about 3000 light - years away in the constell / Bridgeman Images
FLO4623249: King Richard the Lionheart, in chainmail armour on horseback with heraldic shield, and Thomas Plantagenet, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, circa 1314, in helm, chainmail armour, tunic and coats of arms. Handcoloured copperplate engraving by Giarre and Stanghi from Giulio Ferrario's Costumes Ancient and Modern of the Peoples of the World, 1847. / Bridgeman Images
PIX4623253: Planetary nebula NGC 6543 in the Dragon - Planetary Nebula NGC 6543 in Draco - Planetary nebula NGC 6543. In the background, upper left, the galaxy NGC 6552. Image obtained on September 3, 2008 with a telescope measuring 61 cm in diameter. The planetary Nebula NGC 6543 in Draco. Top left is a background galaxy, NGC 6552. Image taken on September 3 2008 with a 24 - inch telescope / Bridgeman Images
FLO4623262: The fight between Roland (died 778) and the giant Ferracut (Ferragut, Ferragus, Ferracutus, Ferrakut, Ferraguto, Farrau, Fernagu), from the legend of Charlemagne. Handcoloured copperplate engraving by Verico after P.L. Sabatelli from Giulio Ferrario's Ancient and Modern Costumes of all the Peoples of the World, 1844. / Bridgeman Images
FLO4623265: A woman accused of venality by her disappointed lover is judged by Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine (Alienor d'Aquitaine or Eleonore de Guyenne, ca. 1122-1204). Handcoloured copperplate engraving by Verico after Francesco Hayez from Giulio Ferrario's Ancient and Modern Costumes of all the Peoples of the World, 1844 / Bridgeman Images
PIX4623284: Planetary nebula NGC 6543 in the Dragon - Planetary Nebula NGC 6543 in Draco - Planetary nebula NGC 6543. Image obtained on September 3, 2008 with a telescope measuring 61 cm in diameter. The planetary Nebula NGC 6543 in Draco. Image taken on September 3 2008 with a 24 - inch telescope / Bridgeman Images
PIX4623330: Planetary nebula M57 (NGC 6720) in Lyra - The Ring nebula M57 in Lyra - The planetary nebula of Lyra (M57) is located about 2000 years - light from Earth. A planetary nebula is a gas shell from a small late-life star whose heart collapsed to become a white dwarf and expelled the outer layers of its matter. Image obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The Hubble Space Telescope has captured the sharpest view yet of M57, the Ring Nebula in Lyra, which is the most famous of all planetary nebulae. In this image, the telescope has looked down a tunnel of gas cast off by a dying star thousands of years ago. This photo reveals elongated dark clumps of material embedded in the gas at the edge of the nebula, and the dying central star floating in a blue haze of hot gas. The nebula is about a light - year in diameter, and is located some 2,000 light - years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Lyra / Bridgeman Images
FLO4623337: Round buckler or rondella 1, oval buckler 2, infantry targe 3, infantry shield 4, cavalry shield 5, and huge shield used in a siege 6. Handcoloured copperplate engraving by Verico after Giuseppe Bramati from Giulio Ferrario's Ancient and Modern Costumes of all the Peoples of the World, 1844. / Bridgeman Images
PIX4623418: Planetary nebula M 27 in the little fox - Colour image of the Dumbbell planetary nebula (Messier 27), obtained on September 28, 1998, with FORS at VLT UT1.The Dumbbell Nebula - also known as Messier 27 or NGC 6853 - is a typical planetary nebula and is located in the constellation Vulpecula (The Fox). The distance is rather uncertain, but is believed to be around 1200 light - years. 5 min exposure time; North is up; East is left / Bridgeman Images
FLO4623422: Fourth bas-relief of a 12th century sarcophagus. The princess and her falconer watch knights and ladies capture wild men in bearskins under the battlements. Handcoloured copperplate engraving by Verico from Giulio Ferrario's Ancient and Modern Costumes of all the Peoples of the World, 1844. / Bridgeman Images
FLO4623497: Tournament held to celebrate the entrance of Queen Isabella of Bavaria into Paris, 1389. Handcoloured copperplate engraving by Migliavacca from Giulio Ferrario's Costumes Antique and Modern of All Peoples (Il Costume Antico e Moderno di Tutti i i Popoli), Florence, 1842 / Bridgeman Images
FLO4623509: Tournament held in England circa 1450. (Caption refers to the huge tournament held at Beaucaire during King Henry II's reign.) Handcoloured copperplate engraving by Verico after Charles Hamilton Smith from Giulio Ferrario's Ancient and Modern Costumes of all the Peoples of the World, 1844. / Bridgeman Images